Showing posts with label Jews. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Jews. Show all posts

Wednesday, March 31, 2021

When a church proves unfaithful to the word

 The Lord Jesus will always have a chosen people to serve Him. When the Jewish people rejected Christ, the Prince of life, He took from them the kingdom of God and gave it unto the Gentiles. God will continue to work on this principle with every branch of His work. When a church proves unfaithful to the word of the Lord, whatever their position may be, however high and sacred their calling, the Lord can no longer work with them. Others are then chosen to bear important responsibilities.  UL p. 131, 1903

Sunday, January 31, 2021

In Biden’s Cabinet, Catholics and Jews dominate

The proposed Biden administration. Illustration by Kit Doyle
Religion News January 19, 2021

Joe Biden’s Cabinet is set to make history in a number of ways.

If all the nominees the president-elect has chosen are confirmed, the Cabinet — including the vice president, the heads of 15 executive departments and eight other key positions — will be the most racially and ethnically diverse ever. Among them are six African Americans, four Hispanics, three Asian Americans and one Native American. Half the nominees are women — the most ever nominated for a presidential Cabinet.

In terms of their religious backgrounds, the Cabinet nominees are also diverse. Like the president-elect, the majority — at least eight — are Catholic.  But five Jews have also been nominated, two Black Baptists and, if the surgeon general is included (often not), two Hindus. (A handful of Cabinet picks do not appear to identify with any religion.)

One group not represented? White evangelicals, the group most loyal to President Donald Trump.

Holocaust Timeline

Emanuel and Avram Rosenthal, killed at Majdanek

January 30, 1933 - Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany a nation with a Jewish population of 566,000.

February 22, 1933 - 40,000 SA and SS men are sworn in as auxiliary police.

February 27, 1933 - Nazis burn Reichstag building to create crisis atmosphere.

February 28, 1933 - Emergency powers granted to Hitler as a result of the Reichstag fire.

March 22, 1933 - Nazis open Dachau concentration camp near Munich, to be followed by Buchenwald near Weimar in central Germany, Sachsenhausen near Berlin in northern Germany, and Ravensbrück for women.

March 24, 1933 - German Parliament passes Enabling Act giving Hitler dictatorial powers.

See also: The History Place - Rise of Hitler

April 1, 1933 - Nazis stage boycott of Jewish shops and businesses.

April 11, 1933 - Nazis issue a Decree defining a non-Aryan as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or grandparent classifies the descendant as non-Aryan...especially if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith."

April 26, 1933 - The Gestapo is born, created by Hermann Göring in the German state of Prussia.

May 10, 1933 - Burning of books in Berlin and throughout Germany.

July 14, 1933 - Nazi Party is declared the only legal party in Germany; Also, Nazis pass Law to strip Jewish immigrants from Poland of their German citizenship.

In July - Nazis pass law allowing for forced sterilization of those found by a Hereditary Health Court to have genetic defects.

In September - Nazis establish Reich Chamber of Culture, then exclude Jews from the Arts.

September 29, 1933 - Nazis prohibit Jews from owning land.

October 4, 1933 - Jews are prohibited from being newspaper editors.

November 24, 1933 - Nazis pass a Law against Habitual and Dangerous Criminals, which allows beggars, the homeless, alcoholics and the unemployed to be sent to concentration camps.

 More...

Wednesday, September 30, 2020

All eyes might be on the Temple Mount after the UAE-Israel deal

JPost SEPTEMBER 26, 2020 

When he dedicated the Temple he built on Mount Moriah, King Solomon prayed that God’s house would be a center of prayer for all the peoples of the world.

Now, in the wake of the recent Abraham Accords – the normalization agreement entered into by Israel, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain – the possibility exists that Solomon’s aspiration could be recreated.

Part of the avowed rationale for the accords was to create enhanced access for all Muslims to worship at al-Aqsa Mosque. This was lofty, with humanitarian intent, and a realpolitik gesture designed to discredit both the reflex accusation that Jews were somehow attacking al-Aqsa and were “Judaizing Jerusalem.”

How might this Solomonic vision occur? Quite simply by having various Emirs and Imams from the Gulf countries come to the Temple Mount to pray. Well, a bit more than that.
It would be one thing, not terribly noteworthy, for these leaders to make a ceremonial appearance at al-Aqsa. That, of course, would be a validation and proof of the benefits accruing to Muslims for entering into the accords.
However, imagine now if those same leaders were to stand on the open spaces of the Temple Mount, alongside Jewish leaders, religious and political, to pray together.

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Faith leaders call for unity, 75 years after the liberation of Auschwitz

Church Times. 24 January 2020
THE 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz should be used “to come before God in worship, conscious of our need for forgiveness, but committed to action that would seek the common flourishing of all”, the Archbishop of Canterbury has said.
In a statement released this week, in advance of Holocaust Memorial Day on Monday, Archbishop Welby said: “The Holocaust, the Shoah, remains a unique stain on the history of Europe, and a chilling reminder to me of how millennia of Christian anti-Jewish hatred could provide a seedbed for such evil.”
The Council of Christians and Jews (CCJ) has released a prayer for this year’s Holocaust Memorial Day. It was launched at an event in the House of the Lords on Monday, where it was read by the Bishop of London, the Rt Revd Sarah Mullally.
The chair of the CCJ, the Bishop of Lichfield, Dr Michael Ipgrave, said: “Through prayer, we will be asking Christians to remember the pains of the past, and to recommit to a better future for all people, and, in particular, of course, to commit themselves to combating anti-Semitism, which is such a scourge in our society and our world.”
The chief executive of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust (HMDT), Olivia Marks-Woldman, said: “This year, we reflect on the theme ‘Stand Together’. In the run-up to the Holocaust, and in each subsequent genocide, perpetrators took deliberate steps to stop their designated victims living, studying, and working alongside their neighbours. Communities were stopped from being together.
“And, today, we know that prejudice and hostility based on faith or identity is still prevalent in many areas. Indeed, in some cases, it is even on the increase. We need to show solidarity to others.”

Tuesday, April 25, 2017

Israel’s Supreme Court ruled that some businesses and supermarkets may remain open on Shabbat.

JERUSALEM (JTA) — Israel’s Supreme Court ruled that some businesses and supermarkets may remain open on Shabbat.

The decision issued Wednesday dealt with the operation of businesses in entertainment complexes including the Tel Aviv and Jaffa harbors along with the old train station, as well as the opening of supermarkets in some parts of the city.

Tel Aviv-Jaffa Mayor Ron Huldai said in response to the ruling, according to Ynet, “As I said four years ago, the city of Tel Aviv-Jaffa was free and will remain free.”

Haredi Orthodox lawmakers, including Interior Minister Aryeh Deri, called the ruling a “severe blow” to the sanctity of the Jewish Sabbath.

Retail businesses in Israel are not permitted to open on the Jewish Sabbath, which begins at sundown Friday and ends after sunset Saturday. Businesses that ignore the ban are levied modest fines.

In 2013, the Supreme Court ordered the Tel Aviv-Jaffa municipality to enforce the ban. At the time, the municipality had been working to find a way to allow a percentage of the city’s grocery stores to stay open on Saturdays, using an amendment to the existing law. The stores would have been spread throughout the city, with fewer open in areas that are more religious and more in secular areas.

However, the interior minister at the time, Gideon Saar, did not approve the amendment.       JTA

Monday, December 14, 2015

Jews are saved even without believing in Christ, Vatican claims

Pope Francis (R)
By Stoyan Zaimov , Christian Post Reporter
December 11, 2015|8:24 am 
The Vatican's Commission for Religious Relations with Jews has released a major new document claiming that Jews are saved even without believing in Jesus Christ.
The theological document, titled "The Gifts and Calling of God are irrevocable," was presented by a group of Catholic and Jewish leaders during a press conference at the Vatican on Thursday.
"That the Jews are participants in God's salvation is theologically unquestionable, but how that can be possible without confessing Christ explicitly, is and remains an unfathomable divine mystery," the document argues, in part.
 The theologians, including Cardinal Kurt Koch and Fr. Norbert Hofmann of the Vatican Commission, reflect on that "mystery," but note that Catholic doctrine rejects that there can be more than one path to God.
"Since God has never revoked his covenant with his people Israel, there cannot be different paths or approaches to God's salvation," they add.
"The theory that there may be two different paths to salvation, the Jewish path without Christ and the path with the Christ, whom Christians believe is Jesus of Nazareth, would in fact endanger the foundations of Christian faith."
The document further talks of a "highly complex theological question" in how "Christian belief in the universal salvific significance of Jesus Christ can be combined in a coherent way with the equally clear statement of faith in the never-revoked covenant of God with Israel."
The Vatican also says that conversion outreach efforts by Christians toward Jewish people are a "very delicate and sensitive matter."
It says that it "neither conducts nor supports any specific institutional mission work directed toward Jews," but at the same time notes that Christians are "called to bear witness to their faith in Jesus Christ also to Jews."
The text concludes by stating that Jews and Christians come together through "humanitarian aid for justice and peace in the world" in which they "bear witness to the loving care of God."
"No longer in confrontational opposition but cooperating side by side, Jews and Christians should seek to strive for a better world," it states, adding the words of Pope John Paul II from November 1980, when the pontiff said that Jews and Christians must commit themselves together for peace for all people, "with the fullness and depth that God Himself intended us to have, and with the readiness for sacrifices that this goal may demand."
Israeli news site Arutz Sheva said that Catholic-Jewish relations have been improved under Pope Francis, who once jointly published a book on ethics, morality and faith with his long-standing friend and Argentinian Rabbi Abraham Skorka.
Francis is also to become the third pope in history to visit Rome's main synagogue on Jan. 17, 2016.
Back in September, Francis greeted the Jewish community around the world on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement on the Hebrew calendar.
"I would like to send my greetings to the Hebrew community, to our Jewish brothers, for whom today is a sacred day, Yom Kippur," Francis said during a visit to Washington D.C. "I hope the Lord brings down his blessing of peace and will keep in life and holiness, according to the Word of the Lord we have heard today: Be Holy, for I am Holy," he added.   CP

Note:  Praise God for the Reformation!!!  Luis

Wednesday, October 14, 2015

Rabbinical Curse on the book of Daniel

Did you know that the rabbis placed a curse on the reading of the book of Daniel?
Listen— May the bones of the hands and the bones of the fingers decay and decompose, of him who turns the pages of the book of Daniel, to find out the time of Daniel 9:24-27, and may his memory rot from off the face of the earth forever. (Talmudic Law, p.978, Section 2, Line 28)

Why the curse? It is because Daniel said the Messiah would come before the destruction of the temple in 70 A.D. And Jesus Christ is the only person who could possibly fulfill that prophecy.
Today I want to share on the cornerstone doctrine of the Christian faith. It has to do with the glorification of Jesus and how the church has her share in that glory.


For your meditation our text is DANIEL 7:13,14.


Your servant in CHRIST,

Brother Buddy k\ 
 

Has Messiah Come?

by Avram Yehoshua

A most amazing thing occurs in the ninth chapter of Daniel: we’re told when Messiah would come. But instead of explaining it to us, our Rabbis curse anyone wanting to find it out: ‘Rabbi Samuel b. Nachmani said in the name (of) Rabbi Jonathan: ‘Blasted be the bones of those who calculate the end.’(1) Some of our Rabbis, in a further attempt to keep us from Daniel, even state that Daniel was wrong. Alfred Edersheim, a Talmudic scholar who would come to know Messiah said, ‘later Rabbinism, which, naturally enough, could not find its way through the Messianic prophecies of the book, declared that even Daniel was mistaken’. (2)

But Judaism’s greatest Rabbi, Rambam(3) (1135 to 1204 C.E.)(4) in his Letter to Yemen wrote, ‘we cannot assert that Daniel was wrong in his reckoning’.(5) In the same paragraph, Rambam tells us that it was for our own good that the curse was pronounced:

‘Daniel has elucidated to us’ ‘the knowledge of the End Times. However, since they are secret, the Wise, may their memory be blessed, have barred the calculation of the days of the Messiah’s coming so that the untutored populace will not be led astray when they see that the end times have already come but there’s no sign of the Messiah. For this reason the Wise, may their memory be blessed, have decreed: “Cursed be he who calculates the End Times.” But we cannot assert that Daniel was wrong in his reckoning.’(6)

Rambam was concerned that we would be ‘led astray’ if we figured out Daniel’s time for the coming of the Messiah. He wrote that the End Times had already come, but no Messiah. Even Rabbi Yehuda the Prince, simply known as ‘Rabbi’ because of his written compilation of the Mishnah around 220 C.E. said of Daniel’s time frame for Messiah that, ‘These times were over long ago.’(7) So where is Messiah?

When the angel Gabriel spoke the words to Daniel in Babylon, the Temple and Jerusalem lay in ruins (Dan. 9:2, 11-12, 16-19). The King of Babylon destroyed it in 586 B.C.E. He took many of the rest of us who were alive, off to Babylon where we wept for Jerusalem (Ps. 137). But before we get into calculating the time of Messiah’s appearance, as seen in the ‘weeks’ of Daniel 9:25-26, it’ll be easy to see from what follows that Jerusalem and the Temple would be rebuilt again, God would atone for our sins (vv. 24-25), the Messiah would be ‘cut off’ (die), and after that, Jerusalem and the Temple would be destroyed again (v. 26). That’s why Rambam and Rabbi wrote that the End Times had come but the Messiah didn’t. At least they didn’t think so.

But Daniel gives the time of Messiah’s coming, His atonement for our sins, His death, and after that, the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple:

“Seventy weeks are decreed for your people and your holy city: to finish the rebellion, to put an end to sin, to atone for guilt, to bring in everlasting righteousness, to seal up both vision and prophet and to anoint the Holy of Holies.”(8) (Dan. 9:24)

“Know and understand that from the issuing of the decree to restore and rebuild Jerusalem, until the time of Prince Messiah(9) there shall be seven weeks and sixty-two weeks. It shall be built again with streets and trench but in a troubled time.” (Dan. 9:25)

“After the sixty-two weeks, the Messiah shall be cut off but not for himself. And the army of the prince who is to come shall destroy the city and the Temple. Its end shall come with a flood and to the end there shall be war. Desolations are decreed.” (Dan. 9:26)

The expression a ‘week of years’ occurs in the Mishnah (Sanh. vol. 1)’(10) and means seven years.(11) This is confirmed in Midrash Rabbah on Lamentations which says, ‘one week in Daniel 9 means a week of years.’(12) The concept is found in both the Sabbath and Jubilee years (Lev. 25:3-4, 8).
The decree that Daniel spoke of (v. 25), is written in Ezra 6:14(13) and Nehemiah 2:1-8. King Artaxerxes (Artaxerxes Longimanus; 464 to 425 B.C.E.)(14) ‘authorized Ezra the Priest to rebuild the city of Jerusalem’ and the Temple ‘in the seventh year of his reign, that is, in 457 B.C.E. (Ezra 7:7-8, 11-26).’(15) ‘The majority of critics agree upon approximately this year.’(16)

‘The prophecy speaks first about seven weeks of years during which the Temple will be rebuilt and indeed the books of Ezra and Nehemiah describe this 49 year building phase ‘in the midst of dire times.’ And after this ‘a further 62 weeks’ of years ‘to the coming of the Messiah.’(17)
Multiplying ‘62 x 7 = 434 years. Altogether then, the time from the issuing of Artaxerxes’ decree to Messiah would ‘be 49 + 434 = 483 years.’

Subtracting the year of the decree, 457 (B.C.E.), from the 483 years of Gabriel’s words to Daniel, we come to the year 26 C.E. In the autumn of that year Yeshua (Jesus) began His ministry.(18) Coincidence? If Daniel, Rambam and Rabbi are right about when Messiah would come, who else could be our Messiah? The Temple and Jerusalem were destroyed by the Roman ‘prince,’ Titus, in 70 C.E. If Yeshua isn’t our Messiah, who is?

Rambam expresses the chaos and confusion in Judaism over Messianic thought and how our Rabbis have understood the time when Messiah would come by saying, ‘we cannot know, in all these and similar questions, how they will be fulfilled since they are veiled even from the Prophets. Our Rabbis have no special teachings on these matters; they simply follow the particular leaning of various verses which gives no uniform doctrine. In any case, the main thing is not to make claims regarding the accuracy’ ‘of these doctrinal questions’. Let us not’ ‘think about the Last Days. The Wise say, ‘‘Cursed be those who predict the End Times.’’’(19)

Rambam was quoting Rabbi Samuel again. It seems fairly evident that Rambam knew Daniel’s prophecy pointed directly to Yeshua. This is why he upheld the curse and warned us about being ‘led astray.’ But does belief in God’s Messiah mean that we would be led astray?

Daniel’s prophecy ends with the destruction of the Temple. The Talmud, Nazir 32b, confirms that Daniel referred to the destruction of the Second Temple.(20) The Temple was destroyed in 70 C.E. The Messiah should have come before that. But some of our Rabbis, in a further attempt to keep us from understanding Daniel, do all sorts of strange things with the ‘weeks.’(21) For instance, some would have us to think that the time was literal weeks, but that makes absolutely no sense as it took 49 years for the city to be rebuilt, not 49 weeks.

Greater Than Solomon’s Temple?

Haggai the Prophet said that the Glory of the Second Temple would be greater than Solomon’s Temple (Hag. 2:9). How could this be? Solomon’s Temple was bigger and much more magnificent than Ezra’s smaller and less lavish Temple. Some of the people that were there at the laying of the foundation for the Second Temple, openly wept because they had seen the glory and grandeur of the Temple of Solomon (Ezra 3:10; Hag. 2:1-9).

Rabbi David Kimchi (1160 to 1235), of whom it was said, ‘without him we will not find the correct way to interpret the Scriptures’(22) thought the Second Temple would be greater because Messiah would walk in it. He saw both the Lord, and the Messenger of the Covenant in Malachi 3:1, as King Messiah:(23) ‘The Lord whom you are seeking, will suddenly come to His Temple, the Messenger of the Covenant whom you desire.’ That’s quite a revelation.

The idea of Messiah being ‘cut off’ or killed (Dan. 9:26; Is. 53:4-12; Zech. 12:10), ‘is the word used’ in Hebrew ‘for the’ (cutting or the) ‘making of a covenant.’(24) The Messiah’s death would bring the New Covenant that Jeremiah the Prophet spoke of:

“The days are surely coming, says the Lord, when I will make a New Covenant with the House of Israel and the House of Judah. It will not be like the Covenant that I made with their Fathers when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; a Covenant that they broke, though I was their Husband, says the Lord. But this is the Covenant that I will make with the House of Israel after those days, says the Lord: I will put my Law within them and I will write it on their hearts and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. No longer shall they teach one another, or say to each other, “Know the Lord!,” for they shall all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest, says the Lord for I will forgive their iniquity and remember their sin no more” (Jer 31:31-34; see also 32:37-44; 50:5; Is. 55:3; 61:8; Ezk. 16:60; 37:26).

A ‘New Covenant’?! Did God really say that to Jeremiah?! Another coincidence? Christians speak of a ‘New Covenant’ (‘New Testament’). They say that Jesus is the Christ, which is just a Greek to English way of saying the Messiah. Could it be? Is Jesus our Messiah?

According to Daniel, our Messiah has already come. There’s no one else during Daniel’s time period (or any other time for that matter), who comes even close to doing what Yeshua did. Aside from His many miracles (Is. 35:1-10; 61:1-3), Yeshua was crucified (Ps. 22; Is. 53:5; Zech. 12:10) as a sacrifice for us (Is. 53:4-8, 10-12), that we might be forgiven of our sins, as both Daniel and Jeremiah spoke of. And He rose from the dead (Ps. 16:10; Is. 53:10-12) by the power of God our Father, 40 years before Jerusalem and the Temple were destroyed. He was seen by hundreds of His followers after His death (Matt. 28:1-10; Lk. 24:1-53; Acts 1:1-14; 1st Cor. 15:1-9, etc.).

Now, I wasn’t there. I didn’t see Yeshua die. I didn’t see Him alive from the dead either. But thirty one years ago, when I read about Jesus, my heart was drawn to believe. It was the God of Israel who was drawing me to Himself. I asked Yeshua to forgive me of my sins and to come into my heart and the most wonderful thing happened to me. I felt something come upon me and move within me. I didn’t know it then but it was the Holy Spirit, confirming to me that what I had just done, was heard and accepted by the God of Israel. I felt Shalom (Peace) from Heaven for the first time in my life. It continues to this day. God is with me. Daniel was right. Messiah has come! He’s very much alive and real and is the only Way back to our Father in Heaven.

I pray that Messiah Yeshua uses this message to draw you to Him. He is Life (John 14:6). His plans for you are only good. He loves you very much. Who else would die for you so that your sins would be forgiven, and give you Eternal Life in return (Dan. 9:24-26)?

ENDNOTES
1. Sanford R. Howard, L’Chayim: Finding The Light of Shalom (Thorsby, AL: Sabbath House, Inc., 1999), p. 209. Sanhedrin 97b, vol. 2, p. 659, Soncino Press. Editorial footnote #6 says, ‘i.e., Messiah’s advent.’
2. Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus The Messiah (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2000), p. 957. Bereshith Rabba 98 (a midrash or commentary on Genesis). Edersheim lived from 1825 to 1889 C.E.
3. Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (Rambam), is also known as Maimonides.
4. C.E. means the ‘Common Era’ and B.C.E. means, ‘before the Common Era.’
5. Risto Santala, The Messiah in the Old Testament in the Light of Rabbinical Writings (Jerusalem: Keren Ahvah Meshihit, 1992), p. 100. Rambam, Igeret Teiman, chapter 3, page 24.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid. p. 101. Sanhedrin 98b and 97a.
8. The Holy of Holies in Daniel is ko-desh ko-dah-sheem.
9. Benjamin Davidson, The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1979), p. 533.
10. Howard, L’Chayim: Finding The Light of Shalom, p. 206. Dr. Judah B. Slotki, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Soncino Press, p. 77.
11. Santala, The Messiah in the Old Testament in the Light of Rabbinical Writings, p. 99.
12. Howard, L’Chayim: Finding The Light of Shalom, p. 77. Midrash Rabbah on Lamentations, p. 65, Soncino Press, Dan. 9:27.
13. Ibid. p. 207. It was only the third decree of Artaxerxes in 457 B.C.E. that would complete the restoration of Jerusalem and the Temple. The decree of Cyrus was in 537 B.C.E. and that of Darius the First in 518 B.C.E.
14. J. M. Sinclair, General Consultant, Diana Treffry, Editorial Director, Collins English Dictionary, Fourth Edition (Glasgow, Scotland: HarperCollins Publishers, 1998), p. 84. Son of Xerxes the First.
15. Santala, The Messiah in the Old Testament in the Light of Rabbinical Writings, p. 99.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Herod began Temple improvements in 19 B.C.E. John’s ‘46 years’ (2:20) took place in 27 C.E. Yeshua began His ministry the previous autumn (26 C.E.), most likely on the Feast of Trumpets. Marcus Dods, D.D., Author; W. Robertson Nicoll, Editor, M. A., LL. D., The Expositor’s Greek Testament, vol. one: The Gospel of St. John (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002), p. 710. F. F. Bruce, The Gospel and Epistles of John (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2001), p. 76.
19. Ibid. p. 101. Rambam, Hilchot haMelachim, (The Statutes of King-Messiah), chapters 11-12.
20. Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus The Messiah, p. 1004. ‘So also in Yalkut, vol. 2, p. 79d, lines 16ff. from the bottom.’
21. Howard, L’Chayim: Finding The Light of Shalom, pp. 208-211.
22. Santala, The Messiah in the Old Testament in the Light of Rabbinical Writings, p. 40.
23. Ibid. 102.
24. Ibid. p. 100. The word Hebrew word yih-kah-rate means, ‘to make a covenant’ ‘from the ancient custom of cutting up victims on such occasions’; Davidson, The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, p. 394. See also Gen. 15:10.

Seed Of Abraham